Poor sleep quality has been linked to postpartum symptoms of depression and anxiety and with postpartum depression without anxiety ( 21, 22). Disturbed sleep may be a prodromal sign of new-onset or recurrent depressive episodes ( 18– 20). Problems with sleep often accompany depression and anxiety ( 4, 5, 16, 17). Sleep disturbances that occur in women after childbirth adversely affect the well-being of both the mothers and their babies. Sleep disturbances considered alongside postpartum depression and anxiety Candidates for such biomarkers include certain hormones (estradiol, progesterone, cortisol) and inflammatory proteins ( 11, 12).Īlthough the clinical presentation of postpartum depression does not differ considerably from depression at other periods of life, some studies indicate high rates of bipolar traits and a high prevalence of anxiety and insomnia in the former, which produce substantial clinical complications ( 13– 15).ġ.1. There are ongoing research efforts to identify potential biomarkers of depression, i.e., compounds that could help diagnose depression in women after childbirth on the molecular level and help predict the risk of new-onset, recurrent, and potentially treatment-refractory depression ( 10). Postpartum depression may adversely affect the course of puerperium and impair mother–infant bonding ( 7– 9). However, elevated risk of depression has been reported to persist for the whole year after childbirth ( 6). According to The American Psychiatric Association, a postpartum-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) is one whose symptoms manifest within 4 weeks after delivery ( 5). The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) defines a birth-related depressive episode as one that occurs within 6 weeks after childbirth ( 4). The most common mental disturbance is postpartum depression, affecting 7–19% women who give birth ( 1– 3). Nonetheless, childbirth itself is associated with a number of psychological and physical challenges. The birth of a baby is usually a joyous event both for the mother and her family.
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